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简历(如何制定计划并执行)

  

  

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  昨天中午在食堂,和部门的技术大牛坐一桌。作为一个不起眼的技术渣滓,我默默吃饭,听大话,研究各种和高端的技术,我想说话,却插不上嘴。

  

  

  

  聊着聊着,他突然说上午面试了一个工作了6年的程序员,表情挺复杂的。他说:我看到他的简历上说他对SQL语句调优比较熟悉,就问他怎么看《解释执行计划》。结果我哥又乱又不懂事,干了六年也不懂这么基础的东西!

  

  

  

  我感受到了知望的蔑视,回到车站后,我开始默默地写下这句话。哎~我不太懂解释啊兄弟你这是针对我啊!哭唧唧~

  

  

  

  当解释与SQL语句一起使用时,MySQL将显示来自优化关于的SQL执行的信息,也就是说,MySQL解释它将如何处理该语句,包括如何连接表以及以什么顺序连接。

  

  

  

  表格的加载顺序

  

  

  

  sql的查询类型

  

  

  

  可以使用哪些索引,实际使用哪些索引

  

  

  

  表之间的引用关系

  

  

  

  优化查询了表中的多少行.

  

  

  

  解释执行计划包含以下字段:id、select_type、表、分区、类型、可能的关键字、关键字、关键字、引用、行、筛选和额外。

  

  

  

  接下来,我们将结合具体的SQL实例详细解释每个字段的含义以及每个字段中的不同参数。以下所有示例数据库版本都是MySQL.5.7.17

  

  

  

  mysql从dual中选择version();

  

  

  

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  |版本()|

  

  

  

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  | 5.7.17-log |

  

  

  

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  我们创建三个表,一个,两个,三个,表之间的关系是一。two _ id=。两个id和两个。three _ id=。三_ id。

  

  

  

  一.身份证

  

  

  

  标识:指示查询中执行选择子句或操作表的顺序。id值越大,优先级越高,第一执行id大致有三种情况:

  

  

  

  1.id是相同的

  

  

  

  看到三个记录的id相同,可以理解为三个表是一个优先级相同的组,执行顺序是从上到下,具体顺序由优化决定

  

  

  

  mysql EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM one o,two t,three r WHERE o . two _ id=t . two _ id AnD t . three _ id=r . three _ id;

  

  

  

  - - - - - - - - - - - -

  

  

  

  | id | select _ type | table | partitions | type |可能的_ key | key | key _ len | ref | row | filtered | Extra

  

  

  

  - - - - - - - - - - - -

  

  

  

  | 1 | SIM卡

  

PLE | o | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | r | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | xin-slave.t.three_id | 1 | 100 | NULL |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

  

    2、id不同

  

    如果我们的 SQL 中存在子查询,那么 id的序号会递增,id值越大优先级越高,越先被执行 。当三个表依次嵌套,发现最里层的子查询 id最大,最先执行。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN select * from one o where o.two_id=(select t.two_id from two t where t.three_id=(select r.three_id from three r where r.three_name='我是第三表2'));

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | PRIMARY | o | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |

  

    | 2 | SUBQUERY | t | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |

  

    | 3 | SUBQUERY | r | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    3、以上两种同时存在

  

    将上边的 SQL 稍微修改一下,增加一个子查询,发现 id的以上两种同时存在。相同id划分为一组,这样就有三个组,同组的从上往下顺序执行,不同组 id值越大,优先级越高,越先执行。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN select * from one o where o.two_id=(select t.two_id from two t where t.three_id=(select r.three_id from three r where r.three_name='我是第三表2')) AND o.one_id in(select one_id from one where o.one_name="我是第一表2");

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | PRIMARY | o | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |

  

    | 1 | PRIMARY | one | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | xin-slave.o.one_id | 1 | 100 | Using index |

  

    | 2 | SUBQUERY | t | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |

  

    | 3 | SUBQUERY | r | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    二、select_type

  

    select_type:表示 select 查询的类型,主要是用于区分各种复杂的查询,例如:普通查询、联合查询、子查询等。

  

    1、SIMPLE

  

    SIMPLE:表示最简单的 select 查询语句,也就是在查询中不包含子查询或者 union交并差集等操作。

  

    2、PRIMARY

  

    PRIMARY:当查询语句中包含任何复杂的子部分,最外层查询则被标记为PRIMARY。

  

    3、SUBQUERY

  

    SUBQUERY:当 select 或 where 列表中包含了子查询,该子查询被标记为:SUBQUERY 。

  

    4、DERIVED

  

    DERIVED:表示包含在from子句中的子查询的select,在我们的 from 列表中包含的子查询会被标记为derived 。

  

    5、UNION

  

    UNION:如果union后边又出现的select 语句,则会被标记为union;若 union 包含在 from 子句的子查询中,外层 select 将被标记为 derived。

  

    6、UNION RESULT

  

    UNION RESULT:代表从union的临时表中读取数据,而table列的表示用第一个和第四个select的结果进行union操作。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN select t.two_name, ( select one.one_id from one) o from (select two_id,two_name from two where two_name='') t union (select r.three_name,r.three_id from three r);

  

    +------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+

  

    | 1 | PRIMARY | two | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |

  

    | 2 | SUBQUERY | one | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | 100 | Using index |

  

    | 4 | UNION | r | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |

  

    | NULL | UNION RESULT | | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |

  

    +------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+

  

    三、table

  

    查询的表名,并不一定是真实存在的表,有别名显示别名,也可能为临时表,例如上边的DERIVED、 等。

  

    四、partitions

  

    查询时匹配到的分区信息,对于非分区表值为NULL,当查询的是分区表时,partitions显示分区表命中的分区情况。

  

    +----+-------------+----------------+---------------------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+----------------+---------------------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | one | p201801,p201802,p201803,p300012 | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 9 | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using index |

  

    +----+-------------+----------------+---------------------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    五、type

  

    type:查询使用了何种类型,它在 SQL优化中是一个非常重要的指标,以下性能从好到坏依次是:system > const > eq_ref > ref > ref_or_null > index_merge > unique_subquery > index_subquery > range > index > ALL

  

    1、system

  

    system: 当表仅有一行记录时(系统表),数据量很少,往往不需要进行磁盘IO,速度非常快。

  

    2、const

  

    const:表示查询时命中 primary key 主键或者 unique 唯一索引,或者被连接的部分是一个常量(const)值。这类扫描效率极高,返回数据量少,速度非常快。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three where three_id=1;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100 | NULL |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+

  

    3、eq_ref

  

    eq_ref:查询时命中主键primary key 或者 unique key索引, type 就是 eq_ref。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN select o.one_name from one o ,two t where o.one_id=t.two_id ;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | index | PRIMARY | idx_name | 768 | NULL | 2 | 100 | Using index |

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | xin-slave.o.one_id | 1 | 100 | Using index |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    4、ref

  

    ref:区别于eq_ref ,ref表示使用非唯一性索引,会找到很多个符合条件的行。

  

    mysql> select o.one_id from one o where o.one_name="xin" ;

  

    +--------+

  

    | one_id |

  

    +--------+

  

    | 1 |

  

    | 3 |

  

    +--------+

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN select o.one_id from one o where o.one_name="xin" ;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 768 | const | 1 | 100 | Using index |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    5、ref_or_null

  

    ref_or_null:这种连接类型类似于 ref,区别在于 MySQL会额外搜索包含NULL值的行。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN select o.one_id from one o where o.one_name="xin" OR o.one_name IS NULL;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | ref_or_null | idx_name | idx_name | 768 | const | 3 | 100 | Using where; Using index |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+

  

    6、index_merge

  

    index_merge:使用了索引合并优化方法,查询使用了两个以上的索引。

  

    下边示例中同时使用到主键one_id 和 字段one_name的idx_name 索引 。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN select * from one o where o.one_id >1 and o.one_name='xin';

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | index_merge | PRIMARY,idx_name | idx_name,PRIMARY | 772,4 | NULL | 1 | 100 | Using intersect(idx_name,PRIMARY); Using where |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------------+

  

    7、unique_subquery

  

    unique_subquery:替换下面的 IN子查询,子查询返回不重复的集合。

  

    value IN (SELECT primary_key FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)

  

    8、index_subquery

  

    index_subquery:区别于unique_subquery,用于非唯一索引,可以返回重复值。

  

    value IN (SELECT key_column FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)

  

    9、range

  

    range:使用索引选择行,仅检索给定范围内的行。简单点说就是针对一个有索引的字段,给定范围检索数据。在where语句中使用 bettween...and 、、<=、in 等条件查询 type 都是 range。

  

    举个栗子:three表中three_id为唯一主键,user_id普通字段未建索引。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three where three_id BETWEEN 2 AND 3;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 1 | 100 | Using where |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    从结果中看到只有对设置了索引的字段,做范围检索 type 才是 range。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three where user_id BETWEEN 2 AND 3;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    10、index

  

    index:Index 与ALL 其实都是读全表,区别在于index是遍历索引树读取,而ALL是从硬盘中读取。

  

    下边示例:three_id 为主键,不带 where 条件全表查询 ,type结果为index 。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT three_id from three ;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 1 | 100 | Using index |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    11、ALL

  

    ALL:将遍历全表以找到匹配的行,性能最差。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from two ;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | two | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+

  

    六、possible_keys

  

    possible_keys:表示在MySQL中通过哪些索引,能让我们在表中找到想要的记录,一旦查询涉及到的某个字段上存在索引,则索引将被列出,但这个索引并不定一会是最终查询数据时所被用到的索引。具体请参考上边的例子。

  

    七、key

  

    key:区别于possible_keys,key是查询中实际使用到的索引,若没有使用索引,显示为NULL。具体请参考上边的例子。

  

    当 type 为 index_merge 时,可能会显示多个索引。

  

    八、key_len

  

    key_len:表示查询用到的索引长度(字节数),原则上长度越短越好 。

  

    单列索引,那么需要将整个索引长度算进去;

  

    多列索引,不是所有列都能用到,需要计算查询中实际用到的列。

  

    注意:key_len只计算where条件中用到的索引长度,而排序和分组即便是用到了索引,也不会计算到key_len中。

  

    九、ref

  

    ref:常见的有:const,func,null,字段名。

  

    当使用常量等值查询,显示const,

  

    当关联查询时,会显示相应关联表的关联字段

  

    如果查询条件使用了表达式、函数,或者条件列发生内部隐式转换,可能显示为func

  

    其他情况null

  

    十、rows

  

    rows:以表的统计信息和索引使用情况,估算要找到我们所需的记录,需要读取的行数。

  

    这是评估SQL 性能的一个比较重要的数据,mysql需要扫描的行数,很直观的显示 SQL 性能的好坏,一般情况下 rows 值越小越好。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100 | NULL |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+

  

    十一、filtered

  

    filtered 这个是一个百分比的值,表里符合条件的记录数的百分比。简单点说,这个字段表示存储引擎返回的数据在经过过滤后,剩下满足条件的记录数量的比例。

  

    在MySQL.5.7版本以前想要显示filtered需要使用explain extended命令。MySQL.5.7后,默认explain直接显示partitions和filtered的信息。

  

    十二、Extra

  

    Extra :不适合在其他列中显示的信息,Explain 中的很多额外的信息会在 Extra 字段显示。

  

    1、Using index

  

    Using index:我们在相应的 select 操作中使用了覆盖索引,通俗一点讲就是查询的列被索引覆盖,使用到覆盖索引查询速度会非常快,SQl优化中理想的状态。

  

    什么又是覆盖索引?

  

    一条 SQL只需要通过索引就可以返回,我们所需要查询的数据(一个或几个字段),而不必通过二级索引,查到主键之后再通过主键查询整行数据(select * )。

  

    one_id表为主键

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_id from one ;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | index | NULL | idx_two_id | 5 | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using index |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    注意:想要使用到覆盖索引,我们在 select 时只取出需要的字段,不可select *,而且该字段建了索引。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from one ;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100 | NULL |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+

  

    2、Using where

  

    Using where:查询时未找到可用的索引,进而通过where条件过滤获取所需数据,但要注意的是并不是所有带where语句的查询都会显示Using where。

  

    下边示例create_time 并未用到索引,type 为 ALL,即MySQL通过全表扫描后再按where条件筛选数据。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_name from one where create_time='2020-05-18';

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    3、Using temporary

  

    Using temporary:表示查询后结果需要使用临时表来存储,一般在排序或者分组查询时用到。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_name from one where one_id in (1,2) group by one_name;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | range| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    4、Using filesort

  

    Using filesort:表示无法利用索引完成的排序操作,也就是ORDER BY的字段没有索引,通常这样的SQL都是需要优化的。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_id from one ORDER BY create_time;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using filesort |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+

  

    如果ORDER BY字段有索引就会用到覆盖索引,相比执行速度快很多。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_id from one ORDER BY one_id;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using index |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

  

    5、Using join buffer

  

    Using join buffer:在我们联表查询的时候,如果表的连接条件没有用到索引,需要有一个连接缓冲区来存储中间结果。

  

    先看一下有索引的情况:连接条件 one_name 、two_name 都用到索引。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_name from one o,two t where o.one_name=t.two_name;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+--------------------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+--------------------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | index | idx_name | idx_name | 768 | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using where; Using index |

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 768 | xin-slave.o.one_name | 1 | 100 | Using index |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+--------------------------+

  

    接下来删掉 连接条件 one_name 、two_name 的字段索引。发现Extra 列变成 Using join buffer,type均为全表扫描,这也是SQL优化中需要注意的地方。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_name from one o,two t where o.one_name=t.two_name;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

  

    6、Impossible where

  

    Impossible where:表示在我们用不太正确的where语句,导致没有符合条件的行。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_name from one WHERE 1=2;

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Impossible WHERE |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------+

  

    7、No tables used

  

    No tables used:我们的查询语句中没有FROM子句,或者有 FROM DUAL子句。

  

    mysql> EXPLAIN select now();

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+

  

    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+

  

    | 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used |

  

    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+

  

    Extra列的信息非常非常多,这里就不再一一列举了,详见 MySQL官方文档 :https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/explain-output.html#jointype_index_merge

  

    总结

  

    上边只是简单介绍了下 Explain 执行计划各个列的含义,了解它不仅仅是要应付面试,在实际开发中也经常会用到。比如对慢SQL进行分析,如果连执行计划结果都不会看,那还谈什么SQL优化呢?

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